Evaluation Task-Centered and Crisis Intervention Theories

Evaluation Task-Centered and Crisis Intervention TheoriesSelect a companionable run interpolation, evaluate its theoretical roots and influences and comp be it to at least one and only(a) other approach. Describe briefly how you would apply your chosen approach in massage with a swear out employr or c arr group and evaluate its effectiveness. give at least one piece of research to inform your evaluation. You will require to demonstrate the ability to detect, understand and evaluate authorization for discrimination for the most part with particular emphasis on two specific areas.This paper will evaluate the theoretical roots and influences of two psychological well-disposed work interpellation theories task-centred and crisis discourse. They will be applied to practice with a children and family setting. The potential for each intervention to discriminate on the grounds of age and race will be demonstrated and evaluated. Both theories will be contrasted and evaluated i n terms of their strengths, weaknesses and effectiveness, by go for of informed literature and research.Theories hind end provide well-disposed role players with a off the hook(predicate) base to explore situations and understand complex human behaviour (Coulshed and Orme 2006). Used wisely, they dejection promote effective, anti-oppressive practice (Wilson 2008). Theory underpins the social work degree (Coulshed and Orme) and the outgrowth emphasis on evidence-based practice ensures system is at the heart of the profession (Corby 2006).The most significant theory within social work is Freuds psychodynamic theory (Daniel 2008). Payne (200780) goes record far as to suggest that psychodynamic work is social work. It was the original theory social workers drew upon to understand complex human behaviour (Coulshed and Orme 2006). It is similarly the theory from which many others have been developed or as Payne (2005) suggests, opposed. For these reasons, it can be difficult to understand other theories without knowledge of psychodynamic (QUOTE, QUOTE).Psychodynamic is a major underpinning base of crisis intervention, more than specifically, ego psychology, developmental psychology, and cognitive behavioral approaches and systems theory (McGinnis 2009). These theories provide an understanding of the particular psychological characteristic of pot in such situations (Beckett 2006, p110).By contrast, task-centred was completed within social work. Stemming specifically, from Reid and Shynes (1969) research into the profession (McColgan (Lindsay ed.) 2010). Reid and Shyne claim the roots and influences of task-centred were not derived or borrowed from any other discipline (Parker and Bradley, 2010 Watson and western, 2006). T herefore, Trevithick (2005) suggests task-centred should be referred to as a work or practice, rather than an approach. However, many writers contest this, including Doel (2009) and Marsh (2008) who assert association lies with beha vioural and problem-solving approaches to social work. On reflection there are stark similarities between problem-solving tool and behavioural.Crisis intervention was developed by Caplan from Lindeman and Caplans work into loss and grief (QUOTE). It is not a iodine model in the way that task-centred casework is a single model, but rather a group of models for short-term work with people at points of acute crisis (Beckett 2006, p110).A crisis is a precipitating hazardous event which is pregnant or threatening to one self (Payne 2005104). Crises are often caused by sudden loss or switch over (McGinnis 201039). However, it is not the event that defines a crisis, but rather the portion drug users perception and emotional interpretation (Parker and Bradley 2010). What may present a crisis for one may be considered a challenge for another because people have variant life experiences, cultural backgrounds, make out strategies and levels of resilience. Crises can be predicable, as in Eriksons psychosocial model (which views developmental conflicts as part of the life course), or unpredictable crises which cannot be foreseen for instance, a natural disaster, ill health and poverty or even a burglary (Hamer 2006) (ONLINE).Crises reduce the psychological cope ability by challenging the homeostasis (normal equilibrium) (Thompson 1991). When ones inveterate coping resources are unsuccessful in answering to their problem and they cannot adopt alternative internal strategies or notice another way to cope, they are likely to find themselves in crisis (Hamer 2006).Caplan argued, that people act as self-regulating systems (Trevithick 2005267), in that they strive to retain homeostasis. He believed that in addition to the occasional crises caused by unpredicted events people experience developmental crisis throughout the life course. He further argued that preventative work, offered at the time of such developmental crises, might be effective in reducing symptoms of psychiatric illness (Wilson et al. 2008 361). Unsuccessfully resolved crises can lead to psychologically incapacitating experiences such as regression, mental illness, feelings of hopefulness and inadequacy, or destructive come out up (Wilson et al. 2008362).Equally, crises can stir up repressed feelings (Coulshed and Orme 2006). For example, a marriage breakdown may reactivate repressed feelings of rejection and loss from being taken into care as a child. This can add to the sense of feeling overwhelmed and overburdened (a double dose) (Coulshed and Orme 2006135). man this may provide the opportunity to speech a repressed event, the more unresolved crises one has, the more vulnerable they are to future crises (Hamer 2006). Similarly, if unhelpful coping mechanisms are employed during a crisis, this has the potential to create another crisis (Watson and West 2006).Crises produce biological stress responses whereby the fight or flight mechanism is activated. CHINESE MODEL This e nergy can be fuelled into developing natural coping strategies and resilience for now and the future (Thompson 1991, p20).Thompson (199110 citing Caplan 1961) uses to his three stage model to understand the characteristics of a crisis. The impact stage is short-lived and characterised by stress and cloudiness where the event can appear unreal. The second is the recoil stage. This is characterised by disorganisation and intensity of emotion. For example, emotions can be directed externally (anger), internally (guilt) or both(prenominal) concurrently. There may be psychical symptoms as well such as, fatigue, headaches (and) stomach disorder. The final stage is adjustment and adaption. Crises take on average four to eight weeks to resolve and it is during this final period that a crisis can be resolved as a uncovering or breakdown (Thompson 199110). If unhelpful coping mechanisms are used during this stage, they have the potential to create another crisis (Watson and West 2006). A s such, skilled crisis intervention during this time can lead to a breakthrough (Thompson 199110).For application to practice, Roberts 2000 cited in Wilson et al 2008366Uses a seven stage modelAssess risk safety of service userEstablish rapport and distract communicationIdentify and define major problemsDeal with feelings and provide maintenanceExplore possible alternative responsesFormulate action planProvide fol starting time up serviceIN APPTry to find trigger but dont get lost in itWhat is happening to them?How do they normally cope internally/externally?Do they use just psychological or social and community resources to good effect?Opp to help back to homeo but also to modifyMin danger enhance riskMobilise support system advocateCalm, reassure, rapport, interestDevelop new techs of coping thro counsellingRemember soul open for limited periodGet SU to set goals give beginning and sense of controlShort term incremental to build confidence and new learningDont set up for f ailureIf using the example given above, the situation does not constitute a crisis, but rather a serial of/or large problem, task-centred can be utilised to address these. Task-centred practice involves five structured shades which are essential to its effectiveness (HOWE BOOK)The first step is for the social worker to understand the problems faced, the methods used to respond to the problem and the preferred situation. These are defined and expressed by the service user (Thompson, 2005). Anna expresses she is feeling low since the recent birth of her son, she is worried she does not have the natural mothering ability and cannot remember the last time she last had an adult conversation. She doesnt know where to turn for help. The social worker explores cultural and structural XXXXX it becomes clear that Anna cannot tell her family how she is feeling because it is frowned upon by her culture. She would love to feel happy and in control again. Using feminist perspective.. Her cultu re.. Age..During the next stage the social worker encourages Anna to prioritise which parts of the problems she would like to work on first. With support she breaks the problem down in manageable chunks. This process helps Anna to see that her problem is not insurmountable it gives her hope and a focus. It is essential during this time that the social worker retains empathetic and builds Anna hopes.The pursuit stage is based upon negotiation in partnership. Together, Anna and social worker agree a maximum of three problems for desired change. Each goal must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-bound (Doel AND WHO YEAR p36) to ensure Anna is not set for failure. The first of task might be for Anna will visit the local Childrens Centre next week to find out what services they offer. The second step could be attending a session as the Childrens Centre. A timeline for the tasks (usually 12 weekly sessions), together with apprehension of who will complete which task s will form a written contract, signed by both parties.The agreed contract is implemented and monitored until evaluation or termination. This allows for tractableness should this be required (such as extension of time or reorganisation of problems).Anti-oppressive practice lies at its core of task-centred and the values of social work practice are integrated.Partnership working promotes social justice and seeks to reduce the power imbalance between worker and service user. Thompson (2007, p50) agrees stating user involvement and partnership working are part of a political commitment to promoting social justice, social inclusion and equality. These aspects are further supported by the British Association of Codes of Practice, Codes of Ethics for well-disposed Work (DATE) (24 October 2010).The promotion of choice for service users by their own identification of the problem and prioritisation of their goals empowers. It also views the service as an expert in their situation. The natu re of prisonbreak down problems (often considered insurmountable) builds a sense of hope for service users to overcome them (QUOTE)The simplicity of the model means it is easy to understand and apply and enables service user to use it for future problem solving (Doel and Marsh 1995). This builds resilience and empowers service users.The model recognises and builds upon service users strengths because it considers they have the personal resources to solve their problems with limited support. This empowers by enabling service users to take control and ownership (McColgan, (Lindsay ed.) 2010).A contract provides transparency and clarity. It places the focus on the problem, rather than the individual. It also allows for flexibility for the level or duration of support to be increased or goals to be reorganised.Because the model is time-limited it decreases the risk of dependency and creates motivation to respond to tasks (Doel AND WHO, DATE, p36).The successful completion of tasks, lea d to personal growth of the service user, in terms of confidence and self-esteem for now and for the future.For the worker and agency it offers a time and cost effective intervention. It also saves on future resources by building service users to solve their own problems in the future.A note of caution is that it would be oppressive and ineffective if used with service users with limited cognitive functioning (such as poor mental health, learning disability or dementia). The model is also incompatible where there are complex underlying issues because it cannot address them. Additionally, it may not consider structural oppression such as class, poverty, ill health, gender or racial oppression.Because of the nature of partnership, service users need to be willing to participate for the model to be effective (Trevithick 2005).A written, signed contract may encourage a power imbalance between social worker and service user, placing the social worker as the expert.Marsh (Davies ed. 2008) warns that while task-centred practice may be the most popular theory among social work students, perhaps owing to its simplicity. The quality of its application is often undermined. Many believing they are carrying out task-centred practice work, when actually they are not. PAGE 121BBBIn applying crisis intervention the social worker must establish a rapport with Anna using skills of empathy and active listening, while also assessing the risk of harm to Anna and her child (Mc Ginnis 2010). Importance should also be given to the non-verbal communication of the service user.Anna should be supported in exploring the problem (the objective facts) and her emotional response to the problem (the subjective) (Beckett 2006). The social worker can assist by asking sensitive open questions (to ensure it remains Annas story) and responding by showing acceptance. McGinnis (2010, p45) claims showing acceptance is key to effective relationship building. It can also promote anti-oppressive practi ce and social justice by not judging the service user. The information collected should focus upon the here and now, although the past should be acknowledged.The social worker should find out the attempts Anna has made to respond to her problem, while at the same time reassuring Anna. McGinnis (201045) suggests achieving reassurance by gently reframe(ing) the clients perception of self and events into a more realistic understanding of the situation. Therefore, the social worker could say I imagine you feel isolated It sounds as if you have had a carve up to cope with one you own. Empathy should be shown the entire intervention by the social worker, by use of lexis and non-verbal communication.If the service user is assessed as being in crisis the social worker can explain the concept of crisis intervention and agree the nature of the work to be carried out.Arguably crisis intervention is also anti-oppressive. It seeks to effect positive change in behaviour now and for the future, t hrough the building of resilience and coping mechanisms. It can also release service users from their past by addressing repressed issues. completely of which results in empowerment of service user.Integrates with codes of practice WHAT CODES Active listening and empathyCrisis intervention provides a safe structure of intervention for social worker, service user and use by voluntary agencies in addition to statutory. QUOTEThe time limited nature is anti-oppressive because it reduces the risk of dependency for the service user. Additionally, it provides an economical intervention for the social worker and agency. This is supported by research undertaken by the NCH. (QUOTE)Factors such as individual culture, values, gender, race, class and age can be taken into account because the service user is the expert and defines their own experience. (QUOTE)Crisis intervention can be applied to many situations, namely, predictable crises in line with Eriksons ego psychology model and unpredi ctable crises. (QUOTE)Conversely, there are many criticisms.The service user must be committed to working with the social worker to effect change (QUOTE)The very nature of the term crisis can lead to the theory being used inappropriately.. sw may assume su in crisis due to eventThere is an imbalance in the power dynamic between social worker and service user because of the vulnerable nature of the service due to the crises. Moreover, the social work is considered the expert. This can snuff it room for unethical behaviour on the social workers part (QUOTE)As crisis is short-lived, many social work agencies may not be able to respond fast enough to take full advantage of this window (Wilson et al. 2008). KEYWORD the brevity of the intervention may not be long enough to resolve a service users issues fully (QUOTE)Research suggests that people respond to crises differently and at varying speeds, due to age, culture and cognitive impairments. Thus the model may need to be adapted to su it the service user and the situation, although, adaptation may render it unsafe for practice (Wilson et al 2008).The theory involves active listening and empathy on behalf of the social worker. As the intervention involves use of active listening and empathy on behalf of the social worker, this may provoke many emotions. The social worker must remain empathetic and professional with an awareness of self.Crisis intervention is also criticised as being Eurocentric. Ignoring different traditions and cultures and being concerned simply with fixing the problem as apace as possible (Wilson et al. 2008). This can lead to oppressive practice.In conclusionPsychodynamic as discussed, was the theory of the day. It provided according to Howe (2009), complex, inefficient, open-ended intervention. In comparison, task-centred offered an effective, simply structured, easy to understand, time-limited approach, which dealt with the here and now (Howe, 2009). Reid and Shynes concluded through their research, that short-term intervention was effective (Trevithick 2005), and that problem-solving was more likely to be successful if a deadline was in place (Marsh Davies ed. 2008).SUMMARYWhile both interventions are suitable for differing situations, there are several similarities. Both are individualistic-reformist in that neither truly addresses social change.Both have the potential to oppress and discriminate, but this can be overcome if assessments are sensitive to anti-oppressive practice (Wilson et al. 2008366).They are both time-limited.Payne (2005105) quoting James and Gilliland (2001) purports there are three crisis intervention models The equilibrium model Caplans (1965) original approach. Individuals are seen as experiencing disequilibrium.The focus is upon return them to equilibrium enabling them to respond effectively to their problems.Secondly, The cognitive model Associated with Roberts (2000)Ego psychology developed by Erikson, views the course of life as a series milestones through which conflicts occur. Developmental psychology considers early experiences shape personalities in adulthood.(Daniel ed-Davies 2008) cognitive behavioural approaches and systems theory (McGinnis 200937).3.3 Strengths (pay attention to AOP and values)Time limited reduces risk of dependencyIn line with codes of practice WHAT CODESSU more open to help and change at a time of crisis (for a limited period)