Lost in a Dark World: John Milton’s “When I Consider How my Light is Spent” Essay

Being blind would be an incredibly hard thing to endure, and an even harder situation to describe to other people. In John Milton’s 1652 poem When I Consider How my Light is Spent the author uses imagery, symbols, and extended metaphors to express his feelings of going blind and how it relates to the serving of his god. In exploring the use of his imagery you must first know that John Milton was blind when he wrote this poem. All of the imagery used in his poem is functioning to help the reader get a better sense of what it might be like to be blind themselves. The â€Å"dark world† he describes in line two is an example of imagery. He uses these words to describe how his new life or world is; completely absent of light. He’s almost trying to say that he’s not blind, but that the world is just dark. You can see this in line one where he states â€Å"my light is spent.† As you can see Milton uses complicated word play throughout the poem, this brings me to his metaphors. Most of his metaphors are used to describe how being blind has affected his life as well as his ability to serve his god. He uses the word â€Å"light† many times in the poem but this word can be substituted out for the word vision. His vision is what he is referring to but he chooses to use the word light to express to the reader that he isn’t going blind, but that the light is running out which I pointed out earlier. The word â€Å"talent† used in line three has a double meaning. The Biblical parable about hiding the talent and not turning the master’s currency into a profit (described in the foot note) is used as an extended metaphor in which God is compared to the lord, while the speaker is the third servant who has buried the money. He feels that because he is blind he can no longer serve his god properly and is wondering if he should just end his life now. Finally Milton uses symbols throughout his poem to allude to the fact that he will not end his life, but that he will wait for his time and live out the rest of his life blind. One symbol can be seen in line eight where he capitalizes the word â€Å"Patience.† The word is capitalized to symbolize that patience is some sort of being that he has encountered, and that it is what has convinced him not to end his life. In line twelve he states â€Å"Thousands at his bidding speed†¦They also serve who only stand and wait.† The thousands mentioned symbolize angels who serve God in every length, and that they also serve ones who are patient. This is Milton’s justification for living out the rest of his life even though he doesn’t feel he can serve his god anymore. He will be patient. This poem has lots of word play mainly dealing with imagery, metaphors, and symbols, but when you analyze and break it all down it turns into a great poem that makes you reflect on how John Milton felt about his blindness. I believe this was his intent in writing this poem.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon PREFACE

Summary When the Cullens, including her beloved Edward, leave Forks rather than risk revealing that they are vampires, it is almost too much for eighteen-year-old Bella to bear, but she finds solace in her friend Jacob until he is drawn into a cult and changes in terrible ways For my dad, Stephen Morgan No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional support than I have been given by you. I love you, too. These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which, as they kiss, consume. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene VI PREFACE I FELT LIKE I WAS TRAPPED IN ONE OF THOSE TERRIFYING nightmares, the one where you have to run, run till your lungs burst, but you can't make your body move fast enough. My legs seemed to move slower and slower as I fought my way through the callous crowd, but the hands on the huge clock tower didn't slow. With relentless, uncaring force, they turned inexorably toward the endthe end of everything. But this was no dream, and, unlike the nightmare, I wasn't running for my life; I was racing to save something infinitely more precious. My own life meant little to me today. Alice had said there was a good chance we would both die here. Perhaps the outcome would be different if she weren't trapped by the brilliant sunlight; only I was free to run across this bright, crowded square. And I couldn't run fast enough. So it didn't matter to me that we were surrounded by our extraordinarily dangerous enemies. As the clock began to toll out the hour, vibrating under the soles of my sluggish feet, I knew I was too lateand I was glad something bloodthirsty waited in the wings. For in failing at this, I forfeited any desire to live. The clock tolled again, and the sun beat down from the exact center point of the sky.

Analysis of Ways of Knowing in Adult Education Assignment

Analysis of Ways of Knowing in Adult Education - Assignment Example Henschke (2005), an international Human Development Consultants, notes that irrespective of the global location, adults in all corners of the world learn in a similar fashion (p. 23). Adult learning usually takes a more multidimensional nature, which can be construed to mean that it takes a more holistic approach just as would been seen in the ensuing narrative. Embodied or Somatic Learning in Adult Education: According to Mathew (1998) somatic learning occurs in experiential learning, which in part involves â€Å"knowing through the senses, body action and reaction, and precepts (Mathew, p. 4)†. The knowing that experiential learning describes is one where the leaner participate actively in the process of knowledge acquisition through taking part in discussion, role playing or similar activities that might characterize the learning process. Clark’s (2001, p. 3) definition of somatic learning is more generalized when compared to Mathew. According to him, somatic learnin g is basically â€Å"the way we know from our bodily or physical experience† (Clark, p. 3). Almost all other definitions of somatic learning from prominent scholars have placed the body at the heart of the somatic learning concept. A common feature of these definitions is that they position somatic learning through or within the body instead of knowledge without or about the body (Brockman, 2001). Spiritual in Adult Education: Spirituality is and as always been an important component of adult learning. Many people might think that spirituality is one and the same with religion, which is fundamentally wrong. There is however no doubt that the two are related, but, spirituality per see is all about a person’s consciousness and honoring of completeness and the connection of all thing with what can only be referred to as a higher power (Elias, & Merriam, 2005). Just as there has been acceptance among the health care worker on the role of spirituality in healthcare, there h as been a similar acceptance among educators on the role of spirituality in adult education. The role of spirituality in adult education has particularly been found in the way people construct knowledge. A good example can be found in the Howard Gardner’s ground breaking research on multiple intelligences. Emancipatory spirituality, one of the spiritualities, whips people into small social and political groupings, while filling such groupings with strong spiritual practices like meditation (Jarvis, 2006). Just as the spirituality of each one of us is unique there is the communal dimension of spirituality. This community dimension of spirituality can be found in the fact that people spirituality can connect to what they collectively value and think is best for them as a group. A case in point of this connecting for the common good can be found in the Moken sea gypsies who are said to have fled the December 2004 Tsunami to high ground after â€Å"feeling† it advancing. T his spirituality is at the center of adult education. Narrative learning in Adult Education: The good thing with storytelling and sensemaking as a mean of transferring knowledge to an adult learner is that they can relate to these stories being narrated and thereby retaining the knowledge in those stories. This is because just as Merriam (2008, pp. 96) notes, the learning experience has to stem from something that is not only

Australia Voting and Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Australia Voting and Elections - Essay Example Identified with very strong identifiers people are more likely to vote in accordance with their identification and that identification is not very strong and is mostly influenced. Voters also have strategic choices. These are influenced by the number of votes they have been allocated, the way preferences may be ordered, and the manner of distributing votes among the candidates. Party identifiers influence the voters to take their decisions earlier and those people who take their decision earlier are often determined about their voting and they don't feel hesitation. Voting behavior in Australia is also influenced through developing a retrospective view which emerges from an assessment of several social, economical and political issues. A view or assessment on a particular issue helps the voters taking their decisions. So the comments of a party leader, his view on especial issue, the decision taken by him, party philosophy change the voter's mentality. The decisions, changes and reforms taken by the previous government make deep impression in the voting behavior of Australian citizens. Different electoral systems can prompt different voting behavior. It cannot be assumed that every voter would support the same party under one system as another. Since around the middle of the 1960s, one of the most important elements of electoral politics in almost all advanced, democratic industrial societies has been the noticeable weakening of party identification. The various aspects of party identification have already influenced and are influencing the elections of Australia time to time and the share of power which is responsible various political events. For example, in 1996, however, there was a notable drop in the level of identification with the ALP, but no corresponding rise for the Coalition. In 1998 the level of identification with the ALP recovered slightly but then declined again in 2001 (to a level slightly below that of even 1996) and even further in 2004. The level of identification with the Coalition parties has remained relatively constant at around 40 per cent since 1979 and the result has also followed consecutive effects. For another instance, it can be mentioned the possibility that the increased measured level of party identification for the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in 1987 may have been a result of this question-wording effect (though even if true, this still would account for only a part of the effect). There may also have been an electoral system effect resulting from the Australian use of exhaustive preferential voting (Charnock). It has long been suspected that the order in which candidates' names are placed on a ballot somehow influences the decision-making process of voters. Theories of ballot position have suggested, variously, that candidates benefit from being placed first on the ballot, due to a 'primacy effect', or last on the ballot, due to a 'recency effect' (Koppell and Steen, 2004). Party identification has various aspects as for it influence the voters to support minor parties and independent candidates, knowing that their preferences may be used to decide the winner. Thus, votes for minor

Newspaper Articles Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Newspaper Articles Summary - Assignment Example For that reason, Mcbrayer says that root cause of this attitude must lie somewhere else but not in the philosphers. Mcbrayer argues in the article that the attitude of viewing moral values as mere opinions that are not factual lies in the education system of America, particularly in the curriculum. Mcbrayer says that his research on the topic made him to realize that children are taught, from very tender age, to view moral values as being mere beliefs or opinions. Mcbrayer goes on to argue that children are taught that a fact is a claim that can be evidenced, on the other hand, an opinion is a claim that cannot be evidenced or proved. For this reason, Mcbrayer argues, children are taught to view all moral claims as being mere claims and not facts. For his reason, according to Mcbrayer, children develop negative attitude against moral values and the view moral values as being untrue claims. Mcbrayer claims in the article that the dichotomy of facts and opinions in the curriculum in American schools accounts for the reason why American children think that there are no moral facts. Mcbrayer conclude s his article by saying that moral values are indeed facts and not mere opinions; for Mcbrayer, a belief or an opinion can be true. For this reason, moral values are indeed true claims and for that reason they are facts and not mere opinions. A critical view of Mcbrayer’s views in this article shows that Mcbrayer is right in his view that moral values are facts and not mere opinions. This is because, although, we cannot give proof or evidence of moral values, there are many other things in life that we cannot give evidence of and yet we hold them as truth. Since moral values help human beings to live well and to maintain human dignity, moral values are indeed facts and not mere opinions. In this article, an Oliver sack laments the fact that she is suffering from the

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Longitudinal Strategic Development Study - Essay Example Most of these strategies were put in place and implemented not more than twenty (25) years ago. Among other things, Sony has seen results from strategies such corporate restructuring, recreation of products, and invention of new technology. Corporate restructuring is an important component to determine the success of any company. It is more of a managerial strategy than a marketing strategy. In the view of Trevor (2011), â€Å"Corporate restructuring is a term used to denote a companys reorganisation at the highest corporate level. This can also include legal status, ownership, operational, and financial restructuring to improve profitability and provide better organisation for the present and/or prepared for market changes.† Tatum (2011) posits that â€Å"Restructuring a corporate entity is often a necessity when the company has grown to the point that the original structure can no longer efficiently manage the output and general interests of the company.† To buttress the advantages are the procedure and reason for undertaking such corporate restructuring. In the case of Sony consumer electronics, restructuring has been going on every now and then for the past 25 years. The focus has mostly been to shake up the working staff and executives of the company to ensure that the right people are at the right place, doing the right thing. For instance in 1995, the company under a major restructuring in it topmost position by naming a new president, Nobuyuki Idei, a man who was only 34-years at the time. This move saw a lot of growth in Sony because Idei had served in the company for a very long time. Another massive corporate restructuring that took place in the company took place in the year 2003. This restructuring started with the laying off of staff – another bitter decision to take in corporate government. In all, Christman &

Introduction To Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction To Management - Essay Example As of now this market is mainly dominated by two players, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. The rising popularity of soft drinks has contributed immensely towards the growth and prosperity of Europe and America. Today the soft-drink industry employs more than 110,000 Americans with a payroll of more than $5 billion payroll dollars. Historically Coca-Cola has dominated the industry. Until 1950 Pepsi raised hardly a flicker of recognition. But now Pepsi has become a force to reckon with. Let us underline the present circumstances; Political Factors: During the Second World War Pepsi and Coke both enjoyed increased sales as they followed the flag around the world. However, after the war ended, and incomes improved, Pepsi's sales figures started decreasing. Things improved for Pepsi mainly when after Mr. Alfred N. Steele took over the Presidency. Mr. Steele could bring in this turnaround mainly in two phases. The first phase lasted from 1950 to 1955. In this phase all out efforts were made to overcome the shortcomings of Pepsi. During the second phase, lasting from 1955 to 1960 Pepsi started direct offensive against Coca-Cola. That was the time when Coca-Cola started accepting the formidable presence of Pepsi and responding to its overtures as well. The present political conditions in US and Europe are more or less stable, with the respective governments not taking sides. Both Pepsi and coca-cola have been contributing in good measure towards the political campaigns of diverse political parties and the governme nts. One factor which has certainly come to the advantage of coca-cola is the FIFA world cup 2006 in Germany, a formidable part of European market. Euro is now the currency of twelve European Union countries, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Arctic Circle (namely Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland). Euro came into existence on 1st January 1999 when eleven (later twelve) EU countries established the conversion rates between their respective national currencies and Euro with formal circulation of bank notes and coins from 1st January 2002. Coca-Cola being the official partner of World cup soccer under these changed circumstances, not only brought it closer to the respective establishment, but having a borderless big area where people could move freely to see the football matches the frenzy generated has indeed helped coca-cola by leaps and bounds. Pepsi too appear to have recognized the trend and is focusing mainly on the markets of developing countries for now. Economic Factors: While analyzing the markets the economic factors that need to be taken care of are; Current and project economic growth, inflation and interest rates Labor supply, labor costs and unemployment Levels of disposable income and income distribution Stage of business cycle Impact of globalization Marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy in the short and long-terms. This is especially true when planning for international marketing. The soft drink industry is more than liquid refreshment and jobs and dollars. It is an industry that strongly believes in preserving the ideals and principles that helped it

Preliminary proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preliminary proposal - Research Paper Example The Germans played an extremely significant role in the origin of the cold war since it held an important strategic position. This took place through a number of transformations among the Germans. It was additionally, contributed by the post war international order that resulted from the inter-Allied work on denaziation. The main contributions of the cold war included the rationalist aspects that were caused by the interaction between superpowers. A particular emphasis is placed on the legal and diplomatic framework that sustained not only the way the German question was treated but, also the examination of the interaction between superpowers in relation to the way that they enforced their structural interests. Thus, it is because of the interactions between the elements related to coexistence and intervention, the German question that is analyzed from a systematic standpoint was made up of the most significant issue in the configuration of the international order that was given after the war (Lewcowicz 14). There was a rough relationship between the US and the USSR since the year 1919. However, the USSR did not have a global reach. As such, most of the conflict was performed by local and homegrown communist parties alongside the government that is currently in power. Nonetheless, this only lasted when in 1983; the Spanish Civil War resulted in people all over the world taking sides (14). The start of the cold war that took place between 1947 and 1953 took place after the Second World War. Its main origin was the Truman Doctrine that took place in 1947 up to the end of the Korean War in 1953. It lasted through most part of the 20th century (40). The connection between the German question and the cold war is relevant to the course materials since it makes it possible to link with other events such as the frequency with which France and German, which includes Prussia as its key component have been at war frequently. These are the Franco-Prussian war

Roman Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roman Art - Essay Example ially the Archaic period had several rigid rules of representation to be adhered to, and although they changed over time during that period, the beginnings were strict. In the sculpture of standing figures what has been termed the â€Å"law of frontality† was enforced till almost the end of the sixth century. This placement consisted of the figures being posed looking straight ahead, standing straight, the eyes often appeared more bulbous, never truly sunken in and the ears were usually placed for esthetic purpose and not for anatomical correctness, usually being placed too high on the head. Even the hair was arranged in an almost geometrical pattern like style. (Chase 46) We see the law of frotnality readily apparent in both figures. The stance of Hercules is perhaps more naturalistic and relaxed and does not have the left foot forward. However, the Wounded Warrior does and is more representational of the Archaic Style. Notably and fortunately missing from this period are some of the other Archaic element. The Roman art made correction for anatomy and the figures ears and eyes are more in proportion with their figures as well as being anatomically correct. Another feature that has been lost ois what was termed the â€Å"Archaic Smile† of this period in Greek sculpture (Chase 47) This smile is a rather too happy sort of smile that one might not expect from the more stoic aspects of this period. It seems often out of place and unnatural. Many critics felt that this was simply an attempt by the artist of the time to add some personality or expression to the face. The Roman art lost this appellation and created more natural figure. There is an overall more natural state, the figure and the face seem to be responding to their environment and are not contrived or artificially posed as in the Greek Archaic styles. The Wounded Warrior is actually a copy made of a Greek original from the Archaic period of the fifth century. At first it seems that the warrior

Solving the Byod Problem for the Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Solving the Byod Problem for the Enterprise Essay Introduction Enterprise computing, as we know it, is facing a dimensional shift with the widespread diffusion of the BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) phenomenon. BYOD is the latest trend hitting businesses where employees are bringing their own personal mobile devices. Some of these devices include smartphones and tablets which are brought into their place of work, and used on the corporate network for purposes such as accessing files, email servers, and databases. Over the past few years, employees in many organizations are bringing their own personal devices to the work environment to handle business needs. With employees using their own devices, CIOs and IT departments across the nation are frantically trying to keep up with their employees by ensuring their networks are safe and secure. There is no doubting mobile devices have taking over a big part of our lives. These devices travel with us wherever we go while always being within a short reach away. People are beginning to realize the usefulness of getting work done from their own mobile devices. With this trend enterprises are in need of a policy for employees bringing their own devices to work. Although a relaxed BYOD policy can offer an organization many benefits, it tends to be a double edged sword. A lax policy leaves sensitive data vulnerable; an overly strict one stifles employees trust relationship with their employer. A balance must be struck between offering employees a pleasant and enjoyable work environment and maintaining the security of enterprise data. As the expectations of workspace personnel evolve, organization leaders must find ways to adapt and overcome the challenges that arise when corporate culture has a conflict with social standards and consumer trends. Management must consider the potential detriment to the workforce morale and how this could ultimately result in productivity loss. This is evident in the current 90% of employers who have chosen to allow personal devices at work with little or no precautions (Miller, Voas, and Hurlburt, 2012). Most workers consider themselves, not the company, to be responsible for the personal devices they use for work purposes. This all begs the question, how should an organization go about implementing a BYOD policy? Which policy can best suit a particular type of business? Should organization leaders place priority on protecting its data assets, or must they protect the health of their workers? If the latter is chosen, what compromises must employees be expected to make to ensure a necessary, minimal level of security is in place? These are all the major questions IT departments are seeking answers for when providing a BYOD environment. This research paper will provide a working outline with the correct steps needed for the development process for a BYOD work environment. The paper will touch upon key subjects addressing the careful decisions that must be made in order to set up the proper policies. An organization’s main goal is making certain your business has both a safe and secure network while keeping the employees satisfied. II. Key Issues. The key issues for the implementation of BYOD involve five main areas. The main areas are people, planning, management of technology, assessment and execution. The first main area, people, involves how management must communicate with the enterprise’s employees, provide leadership and proper governance. The second area, planning, management must provide a plan to implement BYOD into the enterprise that aligns with the business,   communicates the IT strategy to the business and provides sound quality control. The third area, management of technology, IT management should provide a flexible and standard BYOD policy for employees. The fourth area, assessment, management should provide a way to measure risk, eliminate risk and provide a sufficient audit of the BYOD policy. Lastly, execution of the BYOD policy should provide an implementation that coincides with the needs of the other key issues. III. Models and Frameworks. Models and frameworks provide the ability to analyze, â€Å"a structured set of essential components of an object for which clear expressions is necessary and perhaps even mandatory for creating, operating, and changing the object† (Zachman, 2008). The object is the enterprise and the ability to implement any new business policy requires structure from models and frameworks. The models and frameworks that relate to providing structure in implementing BYOD are the Zachman Framework, Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Risk IT framework and Val IT Framework. The Zachman Framework is the foundation for architecture of any kind and enterprises that are growing in complexity can be represented with the Zachman Framework. With bring your own device the enterprise architecture of an organization will need to change to fit with the architecture change that BYOD brings. The two columns from the Zachman Framework that BYOD will affect is the Where and W ho columns. The Where column involves the network and how the system of an enterprise will change in regard to BYOD. The technology will need to be provided by or to employees that will change the architecture of an enterprise. The system will be with employees everywhere which means the business will be with employees everywhere they go. Leaving the business in a more vulnerable state that may create the loss of important data, which will increase the need for employees to be more responsible. The Who column needs to interact with the Where column that provides a distributed system that will require Responsibility from the organization’s employees. The business role of the employee’s device will need to have specifications, be defined and represented. The engineer perspective will need to define for the devices role for both the device and employee. The architect perspective will need to   define the potential locations for the system and where it can reach. With a clearly defined system role for the devices themselves the business management perspective should focus on how the devices are defined for the employees. To implement BYOD the enterprise will need to focus on those columns of the Zachman Framework. While the Zachman Framework provides the structure organizations will need the Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory provides aspects of innovation that will help mold business policies that should increase the ability of BYOD to be implemented. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory provides four theory elements. The four theory elements are the innovation, communication, time and social system. â€Å"The innovation does not need to be new in terms of being recently developed, it only needs to be new to the person or organization that is adopting and implementing it† (Lundblad, 2003). The theory continues that there are five parts to the innovation that increase rate of implementation as each of these characteristics increase. The five characteristics of the innovation are â€Å"relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). Relative advantage is a perceived improvement over the current status. To implement BYOD their needs to be a perceived improvement according to the employee’s view. Planning the implementation of BYOD will help make sure the improvement is seen and the employees will accept the innovation. The characteristic, Compatibility measures how well the innovation aligns with organization. Implementing the system in line with the organization with good understanding of the business will increase the compatibility and make the implementation possible. The next characteristic is complexity which is the measure of ease of use. Knowing the end users of the implementation and what they want in a BYOD implementation will help them have a positive user experience and increase the rate of adoption. Another characteristic is trialability. It is the measure of testing and more testing makes adoption faster. Providing good quality control when testing will make sure that the implementation will be in line with the implementation planning. The last characteristic is observability and it is the measure of visibility others have of the innovation and if more visible the faster the adoption. Providing end users with a positive visible experience will make employees more willing to go along with the innovation. â€Å"The second element of Rogers diffusion of innovation theory is communication, or the process by which people develop and share information with each other to achieve common understanding (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). The need for IT managers to speak the business’s language is very important. So an emphasis will need to be on communication for the IT department to ensure all needs of the business are being met. â€Å"Realizing value from business change requires effective communication† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). Time and social system are the last two theory elements. Time involves the different adoption rates of innovation and social system involves members in group or organization with a common goal. â€Å"Opinion leaders, change agents, and champions are the people within a social system who have the ability to influence the diffusion of innovation within a social system (Rogers, 1995)† (Lundblad, 2003). Winning over the most influential employees of the business will help influence other employees and ensure the business wants the implementation of BYOD to succeed. The last two frameworks needed to be taken into account when implement BYOD is Risk IT framework and Val IT Framework. The Risk IT framework needs to be taken into account when implementing BYOD or any other system. There are six Risk IT principles that will help effectively assess risk. The Risk IT principles are connect to business objectives, align IT risk management with ERM, balance cost/benefit of IT risk, Promote fair and open communication, establish tone at the top and accountability and function as part of daily activities. (ISACA, 2009) Effective enterprise governance of IT risk should have the potential amount of risk the enterprise is ready to take clearly defined with business objectives (ISACA, 2009). â€Å"Effective enterprise governance of IT risk always connects to business objectives† (ISACA, 2009). Controls should also be implemented to address risk. â€Å"Controls are implemented to address a risk and based on a cost-benefit analysis. In other words, controls are not implemented for the sake of implementing controls† (ISACA, 2009). IT risk should always be taken into account. â€Å"Risk management practices are appropriately prioritized and embedded in enterprise decisionmaking process† (ISACA, 2009). Val IT is another framework that should be assessed when implementing BYOD to ensure the creation of value with the implementation. Val IT is used with CobIT, â€Å"Val IT both complements CobIT and is supported by it† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). â€Å"CobIT processes manage all IT-related activities within the enterprise† (ISACA, 2009). â€Å"Val IT and CobIT provide business and IT decision makers with a comprehensive framework for the creation of value from the delivery of high-quality IT-based services† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). Four questions can be asked to assess the enterprise and ensure value. (IT Governance Institute, 2008). All the frameworks of Risk IT, Val IT and CobIT can interconnect and provide an efficient management of IT. (ISACA, 2009)With both Val IT and CobIT, Risk IT can help enhance risk management and should be applied to an enterprise that is implementing a BYOD policy. IV. Plan of Action PLANNING Planning should be considered a crucial part when creating a BYOD policy. Depending on how a policy is created will determine the success it has going forward. A lackadaisical approach during the development can cost a company immediate complications (Pendleton, 2012). The planning stage is where management will cover the concerns and questions related to creating a standard policy for the organization to administer. It is imperative the planning stage not be taking lightly. Planning should never be rushed or thrown together in an â€Å"ad-hoc† like manner. Carelessness shown during planning can have devastating effects for the company’s future (McKendrick, 2012). PEOPLE Developing a successful policy should promote an open collaboration between both the employees and the organization (AbsoluteSoftware 2012). Important details to include are the specifics for the guidelines set for users on the network. These areas of policy can become very blurry for both organizations and their staff to deal with (Kaneshige, 2012). It is vital to outline details for what usages are allowed on the network, a user’s classification on the network, the user restrictions for specific classifications, and the disciplinary actions for abusing the use. Personal ownership must be directly associated to the users on the network. Violations to the end-user agreement develop for network usage must be outlined with explanations that are clear and concise. Management must set a good example by following the regulations put into place just as any employees are expected to do. Realizing value from business change requires effective communication- a critical requirement difficult to achieve without widespread acceptance of a consistent set of terminology† (IT Governance Institute, 2008). MANAGING TECHNOLOGY When initiating a policy into the business structure there are key subject matters to be addressed. It is important to designate the governance for the plan being implemented. So there will be an enterprise wide discipline for the policy. Each device that is allowed to have access to the network becomes a problem waiting to happen if lost or worse, stolen with malicious intent. There are key strategies to keep in mind when preparing a solution for defending against possible vulnerabilities on mobile devices. The components offering the most reliable solutions are focusing on access control and identity management (Chickowski, 2012). The capability to have both the control and visibility on events on the company’s network is key for management. Lately, there has been various mobile security providers stating the solution is to control the data, rather than the device itself (Corbin, 2012). Personal owners are still strongly encouraged in taking preventive actions to securing th eir device. Nevertheless, IT departments can only do so much [software-wise] when taking security precautions handling devices on the network. In the case of IT being the direct barrier of prevention, the use of devices and   software the directed focus is more information-centric (Corbin, 2012). IT staff must direct attention towards securing data itself by blending the right amount of features to check authorizations and authentications. This layered approach centered at the information will provide more control over security wherever it should move or stop. The protection of corporate data is of utmost importance for a business. Any data obtained through lost or stolen devices would be a nightmare for an organization; but, having data fall into the wrong hands could compromise a company’s integrity to other competitors can be disastrous. Therefore, it is crucial that preventive measures are put in place to ensure the integrity of an organization and its data. A beneficial solution to security is to include proper hardware and software that facilitates automatic provisioning that can be administered by the IT de partment. The Identity Services Engine (IES) by Cisco is one great example to the controllability needed for security. This software offers an efficient way for enterprises to manage network connections through an identity and access control policy platform. With access to vital information in real-time, enterprises can make proactive governance decisions about access (Cisco, 2012). This is the type of authority organizations need to ensure a safer network for users while securing valuable data. In connection with the security policies established there are legal issues bound to arise from the control organizations place over data being transferred and stored on employee devices. This topic of rights can leave both sides feeling uneasy. Nonetheless, businesses must protect their data that accessed by users on the network. The development process of the BYOD policies is where organizations will want to include details pertaining to ownership. Such discussion must include the liability for the information being used, how and when should a device-wipe be used, and exit strategies taken for employees leaving the business (Hassell, 2012). A great example of this problem would be defining the jurisdiction concerning who has authority and rights of the data located on an employee’s device if he or she should be terminated or leave the company. These are all big issues that must be addressed depending on the vulnerability of your corporate data; otherwise, this going unstated that lead to annoying litigation for management. EXECUTION/ASSESSMENT Finally, once the components of execution and governance have been covered it is necessary for the organization to assess its current transition. It is here management must audit the new BYOD strategy to determine their Return on Investment (ROI). When reviewing the results of a recently implemented strategy there are two sets of key questions to measure the success of its use. The governance-related questions based from a Val IT approach include: Are we doing the right things? (The strategic question) and Are we getting the benefits desired? (The value question). The last set of questions are COBIT focused taking on an IT view. These two are: Are we doing them the right way? (The architecture question) and Are we getting them done well? (The delivery question) (IT Governance Institute, 2012). The combination of both the Val IT and COBIT frameworks create a synergistic relationship that will ensure a highquality IT-based service is creating value across the enterprise. V. Critical Success Factors The critical success factors for successful management of the BYOD policy are to plan, manage, assess, execute and communicate. Planning must be done first using Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation Theory and Zachman Framework as a basis to planning to ensure the BYOD policy is going to be accepted by the enterprise’s employees and align with the business. Communication needs to be an important part of planning to understand the business objectives. Planning must include how BYOD will be managed, executed, communicated and assessed. The management of the technology needs to ensure data safety using authentication and governance. The BYOD policy needs to be assessed before execution. â€Å"The risk that a large IT-enabled project will fail for lack of business change should be assessed by top management at the very conception of the project and by project management at key phases over the life of the project† (Gibson, 2004). Other frameworks to assess the BYOD policy are Risk IT, Val IT and CobIT. These are needed to understand the business risk associated with the BYOD policy, ensure value and assess the IT processes involved in the IT strategy switch. To execute, management needs to implement the policy with good quality control aligning it with the plan and technology management of the BYOD policy. Management needs to also communicate the governance and rules of the BYOD policy to ensure discipline. Explanation of consequences is also needed so employees understand the consequences of their actions using their own devices as a part of the enterprise. Lastly, the BYOD policy will need to be audited continuously to guarantee the safety and integrity of information while operating properly to attain the enterprise’s goals and objectives. Work Cited Aala Santhosh Reddy. (June 2012). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Making It Work For Your Organization. In Slideshare.com for Cognizant Research Center. Retrieved , from http://www.slideshare.net/cognizant/making-byod-work-for-your-organization 13450463. BYOD Policy Implementation Guide. London: Absolute Software, 2012. PDF. Cisco Systems, Inc.. (2012). Cisco Identity Services Engine Software 1.1.1 (aka 1.1MR). In Cisco. Retrieved , from http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/vpndevc/ps5712/ps11637/ps11195/qa_ 67-658591.html. Ericka Chickowski. (June 19, 2012). Visibility and Control Still an Issue With BYOD Policies. I Network Computing: For IT By IT. Retrieved , from http://www.networkcomputing.com/security/visibility-and-control-still-an-issue wi/240002308. Gibson, C. (2004). It-enabled business change: An approach to understanding and managing risk. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? ISACA. (2009). The risk it framework. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/Knowledge Center/Risk-IT-IT-Risk-Management/Pages/Risk-IT1.aspx IT Governance Institute. (2008). Enterprise value: Governance of it investments. the val it framework 2.0. Retrieved from http://www.isaca.org/KnowledgeJoe McKendrick. (October 23, 2012). 10 steps for writing a secure BYOD policy. In ZDNet.com. Retrieved , from http://www.zdnet.com/10-steps-for-writing-a-secure-byod-policy 7000006170/ Jonathan Hassell. (May 17, 2012). 7 Tips for Establishing a Successful BYOD Policy. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/706560/7_Tips_for_Establishing_a_Successful_BYOD_Poli y. Kaneshige, T . (March 06, 2012). BYOD: Making Sense of the Work-Personal Device Blur. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/701545/BYOD_Making_Sense_of_the_Work_Personal_De ce_Blur. Kenneth Corbin. (August 23, 2012). BYOD Security Demands Mobile Data Protection Strategy. In CIO.com. Retrieved , from http://www.cio.com/article/714550/BYOD_Security_Demands_Mobile_Data_Protecti n_Strategy. Lundblad, J. (2003). A review and critique of rogers diffusion of innovation theory as it applies to organizations.Organization Development Journal, 21(4), 50-64. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197971687?accountid=7113 Miller, K., Voas, J., Hurlburt, G. (2012). BYOD: Security and Privacy Considerations. IT Professionals. 14 (5), 53-55. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org Mark Pendleton. (August 13, 2012). Top Concerns When Creating a BYOD Policy. In NEC Corporation of America . Retrieved , from http://info.necunified.com/bid/153070/Top Concerns-When-Creating-a-BYOD-Policy. Rob Humphrey. (March 07, 2012). Manage Risks Reap Rewards: BYOD. In Kensington Safe Zone with Rob Humphrey Blog

Wendys Fast Food Chain: Marketing Analysis

Wendys Fast Food Chain: Marketing Analysis 1: Executive Summary Wendys appearance is to be the best quick service restaurant experience to be all of God. Being the best way to provide quality is uncertain, facilities, cleanliness and value, so that we make every buyer in each beam Restaurant Be the best director of our people in every community all over the world working power shine our customers separately from the restaurants; complete and lasting profitable growth by enhancing the brand and take advantage of the power system by Wendy novelty and skill. In an effort to meet our buyer automatically improve the gains we have Operation Be the extreme important for our people everywhere in the world community, respectively. Syndicate our buyers actively brightness Discreet our restaurants; and achieve sustainable development useful because the label and take advantage of the power of the system by Wendy revolution and knowledge. Try to restore. Our proceeds automatically our content consumers. Objective One of the descriptions of Wendy, which corresponds to the addition of fast food companies in general, the successful expression and solidify growth references. Want to be redirected inclusive to the growing market, and 45 percent of place to eat. Dropping the cost is another object have mouldy the number of employees in the context of its objective of universal fit. About Wendy Wendy irritates a fantastic mix of capacity and skilled advertising. It is often so realistic or so decent inform tested deletions from the community of Wendy familiarity. The foundation carefully along parts of the population (consumers, broadcasters, welfare specialists, etc.. ) Each entry is wisely recursively written petition to regrettable gaps available forget to make vital events and over again in one from time to time very uncertain style. However, it is conceivable that reading between the forms or simply genius in the irrationality of what is still, and the state of society as a wise man appearance. Purpose Wendy entireness goal is to get the approval of the customers have faith in their diversity and the need for secrecy is no exception. They are loyal to the defences and protection of privacy on the Internet shopper. First it was about the money fast enough respectable diet hygienic notice a small load evenly (ie white fortress). Now the value assistance under salty foods with salt and fat real essences for them to change their money very critically low. Scope For smart shared their transactions incomparable superiority of the element to drink. Come with an atmosphere worthy of praise in the present and in connection with the regulars as a fun way. 2. INTRODUCTION Wendy’s fast food restaurant one of the most important franchises in the United States and aboard. His list of top game elements into account options: burgers, cheeseburger and fries, hamburger, Beverage includes frosty. Are so well known for one of its current dessert: apple pie and breakfast sandwich: egg muffin. Wendy had Almost 6650 restaurant in different country following by Mcdonalds 31000 and Burger king had 1200 restaurant in different countries. Over 75 % of international restaurants Wendy remain active and independent owners. Wendy has several policies appropriate accountability and social accounts in place for its exclusively maintained and franchised businesses. These policies contain placing the customer experience the essence of what they do, committing his workforce by promoting their talents and successes satisfaction, maintaining high ethical standards in relation to the conduct of business, and generous again to public in which they are well known. All these values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹are permeated through all levels of the company; Wendy keeps blooming as a successful chain of fast food restaurants. Risk management is authoritative for Wendy. They have a risk assessment tool that they use to control the country risk, which applies to the country / region is defined; industry risk: refers to supplies produced; and risk capacity, that is a grouping of both countries and for risk. These factors are part of the risk calculation tool that is used in each of its businesses to help in risk management. Wendy Field Safety contains your security cameras on site organizations to constantly monitor all actions worldwide and restaurants to confirm the safety of employees, as well as customs. Wendy use these security cameras also with respect to wage claims or privileges advantage denounces the consumer responsibility. Wendy also shows their software systems with ACS system controlling factors of high technology of their work. With willpower to improve your business protected Dick and Mac commercial for three months and reopened in December 1948 as a coffee shop drive-in self -service, serving only nine items: hamburger, cheeseburger, French fries potatoes, milk, chocolate, and cake slices. Wendy is an international fast food restaurant founded by Dave Thomas on November 15,1969 in Columbus,Ohio,United States .the company decided to move its main head department to Dublin ,Ohio on January 29,2006.In march the Wendy was the third largest hamburger in the world Main body Financial statement of Wendy 3.1. Market Share Insurance will share advertising base for work, unmatched difference between confidence every few selected individually is not the right fit for the area where the work is located, but also groups that apart from the additional parallel operations in the vicinity. In the calculation of this justification, and conspiracy policy development and positioning along with a full advertising plan policy, transport and sale of concrete actions, counting costs for publishing and updating the companys new 3.2. Assessment of the marketing strategy The first coffee shop opened by Wendy Firm was in San Bernardino, California in 1948. Currently, Wendy is the cousin of every creature of God and the major food service company with more than $ 40000000000 communications 30, completed 000 channels from all over the world. However, this company does not grow fast because wealth. Wendy has become the now paid to forced labour and current marketing plans. One of the highest achievements of the company was the original Happy Meal. In the year 1970, Wendy Firm was sharp with new ways to catch. The value of transactions Study showed that the minutes were key influencers in the results of the company and the production process. This regulates Happy Meal first creation, a grouping of sufficient food for the young, as well as a free toy Wendy apartment smack dab in adolescents locations worldwide. Marketing strategy 5P s Product Product consisting of how the company wants to produce productions policies that increase the skill. Each purchaser The product is the physical product and service area by the company for the sponsor. Wendy consist of specific parts of its revision and products like the package, appearance and attractiveness. This takes into account the non palpable and tangible structures of the service station and the product. Wendy has deliberately kept its depth limits and yield measurement. Wendy was the behavior of Indian customers on the condition studied and completely different menus that combine the menus available on the world market. The company removes beef, mutton and pork burgers from their list of options. India is only country offering Wendy vegie list of options. Place L apartment for the most part embraces pulling the power cord and the Strait of society. It s very necessary because the package or artefacts manageable for buyers at the right time in the right place and at the right level should be. In the United States, only about 50 % of the channels are starting Wendy additional three minutes each. There are precise level of joy and pleasure that Wendy suggestions for its trade. Provides diagnostic situation on the basis of the majority of consumers. Price Pricing policy is one of the most important features of registration and promotion on. This includes the cost analysis, when a decline in services or cost . Companies should also discuss the likely reactions of the opposition when it comes to estimating. Pricing policy has been established demand for middle and low class of specific types and the result can of course be obtained from the copper base, Wendy currently has. The restaurant Wendy has to be estimated, as well as bundling policies, such as flour combo, happy meal, family meals and happy price menu of demand for whole sale deal and artefacts to recover. Particular value Promotion The device authorization AIDS events from the bonds laudable undertaking with potential consumers. For criticized for the closure of these differentials in a vast number of customers at a time. For attention of the public to act to increase the TV advertising, billboards and posters that were also used by an industry pioneer with Apple company an important role for manufactured goods People Wendy recognizes the importance of individual customers and employees. She understands the reality that staff happy and joyful headed straight consumer may serve. Wendy cafe Interior Presentation always does when this system becomes effective will be the main mechanically to the achievement of sales peripheral. 0.3. Change of target Wendy purposes to go with a nice, fun for everyone to enjoy. We are on the hunt for the provision of a wide range of people, from families who love our Happy Meal, does that take breakfast on-the -go or taking pleasure in our coffee just now mass and free Wi-Fi . After that cost more parties, Wendy’s clear goal for the store of Urban and sub à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹- urban areas of India. People customized product are educated and they need variety in their food. In general, companies in rural areas do not do fast food business. On the other hand, in urban areas, people yield fast food. The profits of the companies in urban areas is usually from top to bottom and you will not have to pay for the purchase of these goods, which is a bit higher in price as food-related bills native occurs in the store. People in urban areas are more aware of the superiority of the rural society. Area Municipal lived in society from all walks of life and age group turnover is easier than in country areas. The concentration of the population is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas, so the data from repeat customers are more in metropolitan areas. 3.4. Review of the competitive market Wendy companies competitive in a challenging market sector for as long as they need to produce enough to repeat. In this section, participants often useless without adequate regulations. Setting Wendy takes an economic approach to active status following challengers such additional restaurants typing fast diet. Wendy plays on many bases as: Cost Speed Nutrition Their hard import is to create satisfied customers Wendy has a big fast food restaurant in Vile Parley been. But the replacement of missing orifice other participants eats his share of the store. In the run up to the out-of date rivals KFC, Domino’s Pizza Hut, the company has run into new challenges Jumbo King shares through a method of back-to basics with a quick up burgers for the copper printed in time. At the top, the KFC is powerful competitor in the field of fast service to develop wonderful customers away from Wendy Perhaps in the new atmosphere, fast, convenient package is not enough to decide the extended enterprise. In this phase, new serious influences successfully to develop that generate a rich enough ability for consumers. This brings us to the service and expertise based combat system that Wendy can use it for economic improvement against the king jumbo. Taking into account the demographics of the area, Wendy has Wi Fi channel to meet the student. E for food, nice people and â€Å"overall experience that customers pay a premium over other competitors. SWOT Analysis 4. Make your proposed budget for the expenses to be incurred in the  Completion of the report (for gathering of data) Budgeting A scheduled task that he wanted to have multi million dollar IT companies comply with approximately 30,000 restaurants Wendy from one place to another in the world, has sparred with the new crew expensive undertaking a cost-saving move . The company is fast diet void the analyst to the systems, which was proposed to renew in 1999, but it still was not organized at all restaurants, said Professor Lisa Howard. Tens of millions of dollars will be held by stopping the treatment, because the company is working to reduce temporarily spending this year, he said. The change comes after the cable civilians injured first-quarter loss and after a series of organizational changes that wearing a new chief executive supervisor, president and chief operating larger. The regime revolution was cut because it was not going to the welfare of the transport in the short term, as the company tries to increase his website statement said Howard . Our team novel organization meets the small end, he added. Its just one example, a stage by our team of new organization. If the whole thing and look at all aspects of our business. The regime was seen as a revolution to take a long period of creative business efficiency all of the companys 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries of the world from one place to another. But the strategy is now seen as too expensive compared to normal performance. In October, Wendy would be advertised activities in four countries and stores the consent of the other three countries to streamline, while the conclusion in the absence of approximately 175 restaurants in 10 countries . 5.  Methodology 5.1 Explain how did you access the information, despite of its security and  Confidentiality (include this part in your methodology) Safety Information security means measurable defensive organizations and informal input materials, use, discovery, destruction, modification, inspection, examination, copying, or damage. The material terms of information security, computer security and collateral are typically used interchangeably. These Arenas are often interconnected and share goalmouths common defense policy, honesty and information management ; However, there are some subtle differences in the middle of it. These transformations are mainly in the line of the subject, the organization uses and the attention span . The information security concerns the confidentiality, integrity and accessibility of data yet on the shape of the data may include: electrical, design, or other shapes. Cans Computer Security effort accessibility and proper functioning of a computer to ensure no concern for the system information stored or processed by the computer. The information provided on the declaration. The reasons for this statement that the information is safe, and so to think about . 5.2 Confidentiality Confidentiality is the term that is used to ensure that the exposure of information to foreigners or illegal systems. For example, a transaction with a credit card on the Internet, credit card numbers of consumers are distributed to the trade and commerce of surgery to determine the network. Efforts to enforce the system by encrypting the card number of all communications, checking out the sights seem to be the force ( in databases, log files, backups, printed receipts, etc. ), privacy and limiting access to the houses where you put it away. As an unofficial holiday get the amount of paper in a different way, it is an interruption of privacy happened. Privacy is essential ( but not sufficient) Google Translate for Business : Translator Toolkit Global Market Finder Website Translator Turn off instant translation Privacy Help Google Translate Mobile Send feedback 5.3 Identify your sources of information and explain the accuracy, relevancy and reliability of your information from your desired information. (Include this in your methodology) Tabulation of data Tabulation is the systematic planning of mathematical figures in brackets or lines. He organized and logical presentation of the numbers in numerical form-awaited challenge under explicit assumption. Tabula Posterization helps set the lodgement of algebraic data. Tabulation marks the crumpled inspection and explanation. Therefore, a suitable method must clearly wisely taking notes the probability and components of the study, because it is very important part of the geometric mean. Conclusion We studied the association and the work environment in restaurants Wendys colleague, work and attendance of staff in the various kingdoms. The complete study of the courts of New Zealand and further suggestions from other European countries, remember that almost the same type of restaurant and feast order in use in all countries.

The Value of Roots :: Poem Poetry Poetic Poems Essays

The Value of Roots The era of the American Revolution was a time of great nationalism, hope, and unity. People who were once only colonists were now citizens of a new and exciting nation. As the years wore on, however, the citizens of the United States were faced with the reality of building a country. The nation strove to find a place for itself, to become secure against the power of the rest of the world. Industry grew along with the population, but what the new country gained in strength it lost in spirit. Regional tensions emerged as well as burning political issues. In the aftermath of the civil war the still young nation attempted to regain this nationalism that was once the strength of the country. One area this attempt was prominent in was literature. Two poets specifically sought to find a national mythology by examining what American's value and why it is necessary to pass it on through tradition. The poems by John Greenleaf Whittier and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow are a call for preserving th e roots found in the land of America and in the heart of an American. Longfellow's "Hiawatha" presents the image of an Indian chant about the traditions, history and beauty inherent in nature. The narrator explains how the birds, trees, mountains and rivers all hold stories of the past. Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these songs so wild and wayward, Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you, "In the bird's-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoof-prints of the bison, In the eyry of the eagle! But most importantly the narrator encourages the reader to seek out one important story, the song of Hiawatha. Why is this song of Hiawatha so crucial, the reader might ask. The narrator replies: Sang the Song of Hiawatha, Sang his wondrous birth and being, How he prayed and how he fasted, How he loved, and toiled, and suffered, That the tribes of men might prosper, That he might advance his people!" The importance of the past is proclaimed here. One should never forget those that came before him to pave the way. Not only should one not forget but one should learn from it and use the knowledge gained to push into the future. Listen to this simple story, To this Song of Hiawatha!... For a while to muse, and ponder On a half effaced inscription... Full of all the tender pathos Of the here and the Hereafter;-

Inventory of the lost :: essays research papers

An inventory of the lost Suppose your father was working high in the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, 2001. You have been told by authorities in New York City what intuition told you as you watched the two towers collapse: Your father is dead. Yet that conclusion is a municipal bureaucracy's intuition, no more certifiable than your own. Your father's remains have not been found. He is presumed to have been killed largely because, first, he could not possibly have survived and, second, he has not been seen since. So your grief is compounded by a question as illogical as it is impossible for you to shake: What if, somehow, he escaped? What if, in some perhaps tragicomic way that screenwriters might never imagine, he managed to get out alive? This sort of bizarre ending doesn't often happen in real life, of course. Extremely rare is the victim of war, or of violence, or of some other tragedy, whose remains are never found and identified. If survivors of those victims get the terrible pain of loss, they invariably get proof that the victim is, irrefutably, deceased. Not so, though, for many survivors of the 2,792 people killed at the World Trade Center. Working with body parts retrieved from mountains of rubble, the office of New York City's medical examiner has confirmed the identities of 1,518 of those World Trade Center victims. But scientific tests have failed to link any of the body parts to the more than 1,200 other victims. The majority of those body parts exhumed from the debris - 12,000 of almost 20,000 fragments - are a tragic inventory of the lost. Efforts to match them to known DNA samples provided by the families of victims - strands of hair lifted from combs left at home, for example - have failed, often because the retrieved body fragments were so badly incinerated, crushed or deteriorated that their DNA was unknowable. Unknowable, that is, using today's DNA technologies. Faith in future technologies has led to a remarkably smart way of dealing with all those still unidentified body parts. They are being dried, individually vacuum sealed and packaged for a time when new means of identifying human tissue may tie them to specific victims. Under a protocol developed by city officials working with representatives of victims' families, the remains will be interred in a memorial at the site of the twin towers.

Civil Disobedience: Are We Morally Obliged to Obey Unjust Laws? Essay

Are we morally obliged to obey even unjust laws? This question raises the discussion of what we call civil disobedience. Elliot Zashin, author of Civil Disobedience and Democracy, defines civil disobedience as, â€Å"a knowing violation of public norm (considered binding by local authorities but which may ultimately be invalidated by the courts) as a form of protest: it is non-revolutionary, public, and nonviolent (i.e. there is no use of physical violence except self-defensively when participants are physically attacked, and no resistance to arrest if made properly and without undue force).† (Zashin, 118) One point that Carl Cohen, associate professor of philosophy at University of Michigan, thinks is essential to the definition is that the, â€Å"mere knowledge of the unlawfulness does not make it civil disobedience†¦the civil disobedient must do more than knowingly break the law. Absolutely essential is the further element of protest.† (Cohen, 11) In other words, civil disobedience is knowingly breaking a law to protest the law. This may not be as controversial as some topics, but there are many strong points on both sides. A major objection is tied to the idea of social contract theory as well as extreme faith in the proper workings of the judicial and legislative systems. According the this objection, the government of the United States, which calls itself democratic, for instance, is set up to listen to the needs of the people and to make laws accordingly. There is no need to protest or to â€Å"civilly disobey† because the government’s job is to take care of such problems. Socrates, a Greek philosopher, when forced with a suicide execution refused escape because he had profited from the laws of Athens thus far, was given a... ...tic government. BIBLIOGRAPHY  · Cohen, Carl, Civil Disobedience, Tactics and the Law. 1971, Columbia University Press: NY. Pgs: 3, 5, 6, 9, and 11.  · â€Å"Declaration of Independence† ONLINE: http://www.archives.gov/national_archives_experience/declaration_transcript.html. 20 Nov 03  · Singer, Peter, Practical Ethics: Second Edition. 1993, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. Pgs: 298-306  · Smith, Michael P, et al, Political Obligation and Civil Disobedience Readings. 1972, Thomas Y. Crowell Company: NY. Pgs. 179, 180, and 183.  · Suber, Peter, â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† ONLINE: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/civ-dis.htm. 19 Nov 03.  · Zashin, Elliot M., Civil Disobedience and Democracy. 1971, The Free Press: NY. Pgs. 118, and 131.

Drive

In the film Drive directed by Nicolas Winding Refn a sudden act of violence by protagonist, Driver, is an interesting surprise. The build-up, kiss, bashing and exit involved in the scene of the incident help us to understand the character of Driver. The visual and oral features of camera shots, dialogue and lighting are used to create a surrealist incident. The Driver’s romantic love affair with Irene and his care for her young child sets the film as a romance and a drama, as the love he experiences for the two, both Platonic and Eros, ultimately leads him to unleash his true beast though he attempts so hard to hide it in everyday life.The lifestyle he has chosen for himself prior to Irene inevitably arises once the mafia he crosses paths with leads to violence of the most cinematic type while invoking elements of suspense within each beat. In the film we see four key elevator scenes that display the development of the bond between Driver (Ryan Gosling) and Irene (Carey Mullig an), his innocent looking neighbour. The build-up to the incident is where Irene slaps Driver after his pathetic attempt to communicate. They then both enter the elevator where a man in a tan suit stands.Frequently used in this scene are over the shoulder shots and close ups. Very rarely are there cuts to mid-shots which would break continuity. When Irene slaps Driver; the camera cuts to a mid-shot to show the momentum of the action. The second time this happens is when the man in the tan suit is introduced into the scene. The mid-shot reveals the character to the audience and states his importance. Once in the elevator, low angle shots are used. These create a claustrophobic atmosphere for the audience.It also allows the suspicion Driver has towards the man in the tan suit to be built up. Close ups are used to show the raw emotion between the two characters as well as creating tension when Driver notices the gun the man is carrying, hidden under his jacket. This is a cinematic tech nique where props are exaggerated by the shot type. When Irene steps into the elevator, Driver first left to stare at the man in the tan suit. This makes the audience feel uncomfortable as the empty space is awkward and implies something bad is going to happen.The immediate suspicion Driver has towards the man in the suit leads him to be wary over him. Driver’s ability to place this suspicion we can assume has most likely stemmed from his past which is unknown to the audience as nothing about Driver’s past is revealed. However, we can assume that this The build-up to the entrance of the elevator is then followed by the kiss between Driver and Irene. While the elevator descends, Driver notices the gun in the jacket pocket of the man in the tan suit.All sound ceases as Driver reaches his hand behind him to where Irene stands and pushes her back. As he does the lights dim and focus between Driver’s face and Irene’s face. The dark and light shading on their h eads is reminiscent of French poetic-realism and is used to show the audience that Driver has both a good and bad side. This scene is also shot in slow motion which not only adds a sense of surrealism to the scene but also shows how both characters savour the kiss.Both the pacing and the lighting shift gears as Driver realizes the potential danger her and Irene are in. The average elevator lighting changes to a dark-lit environment which spotlights Driver and Irene specifically, isolating them almost completely from the rest of reality. The sound is back and we're in the midst of some raucous violence: a pair of hollow, crashing sounds as Driver smashes the hit man’s head into the elevator walls; then more clunking as he falls to the ground and Driver starts stomping on his head, once, twice, three times, with his boot.The sound of leather on skin shifts as the assault goes on toward a blend of moisture and crunch. At the 12th stomp, it's clear from the audio that bones are b reaking, and by the end of the sequence, after 15 seconds and 17 stomps, the dry and featureless thud has been transformed into a deathly squish. The elevator doors slide open again, with the same faint squeak they did before—Bender calls this a â€Å"sonic signature†Ã¢â‚¬â€and Irene flees into the garage. The incident ends with a close-up of Driver’s jacket with the gold scorpion on the back.A scorpion is seen as dangerous and deadly. However, in the same way that a scorpion in the wild remains hidden from view and only attacks when threatened, the same can be said for Driver. Driver worked in a garage, lived alone in a small, dingy apartment, but attacked violently when he felt himself or those he cared for were threatened. The twist to this is that it is in fact the man in the tan suit is killed in a brutal way by Driver. This shock factor makes the audience question their sympathy towards our protagonist.The next semiotic we see is the elevator door shuttin g on Driver separating him from Irene. This representation shows the closure of their relationship indicating that there is no going back, the rupture between the two of them is final. We realise that the kiss between Driver and Irene had taken place as more of a goodbye kiss. This is because Driver is aware of the harm he could potentially bring to Irene and Benicio if her were to stay with them. His ability to suddenly act with rage and violence proves that he is uncontrollable and unstable. ConclusionIn conclusion the surprising incident in the elevator helps us learn more about the character Driver. The build-up, kiss, bashing and exit scenes of the incident result in the audience being able to see into the real Driver. The two elements of sound and colour work coherently with each other in exhibiting a scene which imitates a heaven-like landscape turned dark alley way. The approach of not only the lighting, but also the spatial distance between non-diegetic sound and diegetic s ound as the latter starts to take prominence after Driver shows his romantic side.

British Air Essay

Strategy: In this context, strategy is to be taken as the nature and also the direction a company can take in light of the choices which are at its dispose. Therefore, from this definition of strategy, strategic responses can be inferred to mean the responses that an organization takes in achieving its strategies and hence strategic responses. Nature: refers to the very essence of the company, for instance BA is an airline and hence in the airline industry. Direction: refers to where the organization in question (BA) is headed and hence strategic responses. Pestle Analysis: It refers to a methodology whereby the macro environment is analysed. It will be used to analyze the political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental forces affecting the airline industry under which BA operates and to which this forces impacts on the strategic making of BA. Abstract The airline industry is in the service industry which experiences very volatile changes all over the world and hence companies have to keep up with the changes as well as plan for future changes and challenges in the service industry of airlines through strategic making. Strategy making is an important aspect in the organization in light of the organization succeeding in the environment it is operating in. Though the airline industry is changing like any other typical service industry, it does not mean that the airline industry can afford to lag behind or sleep in terms of making strategies suitable for the now markets tastes and the then (future) markets tastes. Therefore the paper critically reviews the corporate strategy of British Airways (BA), the company’s competitive strategies through critical appraisal of the company’s strategy, industry and company analysis. However, an overall industry analysis is undertaken before any analysis of the company’s strategy through analysis of a three dichotomies impact in the company and in the context of three paradoxes in the company and the perspectives which are applicable to the paradoxes. Industry Analysis Overview BA is a renowned airline in the UK and among the largest airlines in the world, facts which are derived from fleet size of the airline, the number of passengers carried and the number of international flights made by the airline. It was established in 1971 with the motives of gaining control of BOAC and BEA which was the then nationalized airlines alongside other two airlines, which were Cambrian Airways and the Northeast Airlines. The merger of the four companies that formed the presently BA airline was effected in 1974 and become a state owned company. However, the company was later privatized in 1987 and its expansion was gained through acquiring the British Caledonian together with Dan Air in 1992. BA is currently trading in the UK Market share as the largest airline in terms of the fleet size and boasts of being in 2nd position in terms of its market share (IATA 2012), trading under the name of International Airlines Group following a merger in 2011 with Iberia. In the global arena, the presence of BA is felt through the company being 5th largest airline in terms of the passengers who are flown using the BA airline (See; Figure 1, position of BA in the global arena). Current and Future Key Issues Affecting the Airline Industry In researching on the current and future key issues affecting the airline industry together with researching the trends and the competitive forces that are affecting the airline industry in the modern times, in light of BA strategy making and the influences that are to effect on BA, a pestle analysis, SWOT analysis and the Porter’s Five Force Analysis are the tools that are going to be utilised. However, for greater specificity, the focus of the pestle analysis is the European Airline Industry. Pestle Analysis Political Issues Having state owned airline, which are owned by governments and therefore enjoys government protection resulting to regulated competition. This classic example of government regulation of international air was seen in BA in the merger of British Caledonian together with Dan Air in 1992, to combat competition on long haul routes. Development of aviation policies which are politically generated, for instance, the Aviation policy in UK of increasing the capacity at Heathrow, which according to Civil Aviation Authority are only short term measures that would do Europe no good in terms of competing with other global competitors for instance USA, China and India. The idea is to have more capacity through building other airports (Reals n.d.). In UK, airlines’ belonging to another country are not allowed to operate within the route of another country (cabotage) and hence eliminates competition in the airline industry in the UK for there is no competition from the non – European countries. Increase in APD (Air Passenger Duty) by 8% for which all airlines have to comply and which can translate to less travels to the UK for ADP ultimately increases the cost of travels (BBC News 2012, 1st April). Airlines constrains in terms of adhering to government policies for instance the pledge by the UK government to reduce carbon emissions by 60% reflected in the UK Climate Change Bill. Economic Factors Severe crisis in world economics where financial systems have been destabilized and paralyzed and therefore needs to be restored to stability, otherwise translates to less travels by air. Stiff competition in the airline industry in the UK due to presence of competitors who even offer low fares flights. Competition was brought about by the deregulation of the Airline Industry in UK Socio – Cultural Factors UK’s ageing population which is approximated to rise over the years. Projections in UK’s populations estimates that there would be more elderly people than there are presently (see; Figure 2 and Figure 3 for the projections) Accessibility of airline travels by the lower social groups in the UK Technological Factors Development of cleaner engines in the aviation industry which means that airlines like BA have to adopt the new technologies and also in light of the pledges in support of government’s policies to reduce carbon emissions. New operating procedures which can be as a result of sudden changes in weather patterns The use of Bio – fuel by the airline industry is the various developments in the world of technology that the airline industry has to deal with. Environmental Factors Development of environmental policies for instance the UK Climate Change Bill Health scares which mostly are as a result of the changes in climate and weather patterns for instance earth quakes and bird flues. Emissions policy in the UK, for instance the move to have airlines charged for their share of green house gas contribution on flights that are to and fro Europe. Legal Factors Open sky agreement ending the protection of national carriers and introducing completion in the airline industry. EU regulatory changes; for instance the increased call for better care of the customer US regulatory changes; for instance the ban on liquids and gels past the screening checkpoints affects the customers of air transport mode who may be in possession of such goods (liquids and gels). BA’s SWOT Analysis Strengths A Strong Brand Global appeal Established Fleet Operations Latest fleets that provide the calm to its customers Innovativeness in the development of products and services by the company Strong analytical and marketing skilfulness Weaknesses The organization’s culture (the â€Å"us† culture) Decline in operations efficiency Unhealthy financial performance Lack of provision of competitive customer packages Poor marketing strategies that are to reinforce competitiveness of the company to the standard of its competitors Opportunities Global tourism, which continues to increase due to globalization Technological advancements in the airline industry UK’s ageing population Corporation tax reductions Threats Competition from low fares airlines (e.g. British Airways Low Cost Airline {BALOW}) Increase in ADP by 8% Oil price volatility Increase in regulatory conditions and laws which are varying Substitute means of transport like electric trains and buses The ever changing customer behaviour which is hard to predict Porter’s Five Force Analysis Porter’s Five Forces study is important in order to check whether BA’s proposed strategies are to become profitable to the organization (Porter 2008). Diagram illustrating a simplified 5 Forces Model By Micheal Porter; adopted from http://www.brs-inc.com/porter.asp, Analysis distinct to BA as provided below: Degree of Rivarly BA operates both the small and the long flights BA is different in policies and terms with their competitors in the airline industry Other companies like Virgin Atlantic criticisms of some of BA’s strategies for instance the merger of BA with AA and thus disregarding the company’s strategies to its customers. Threat of Entry Competitors are discouraged from entering the market by; Existing firms in the airline industry having a competitive advantage Changing new technlogy Transformed government policies Threats of Substitutes Internal substitutes include;busses, cars, electric trains External substitutes include; international airlines like EasyJet and Virgin Atlantic Buyer Power Availmability of the internet to consumers increases the consumer’s conciousness and exposes the consumers to BA competitors. Supplier Power Supplier’s makes use of trade unions to have a high bargaining power Market characterised by suppliers having a high power BA has only two supply manufacturers of its aircrafts and a sole fuel supplier The Paradox of Markets versus Resources The airline industry being a very volatile industry has to survive through tough financial times, for instance economic recessions. In light of all the changes that occur in the airline industry, an organization has to continuously adapt to the environment in which it is operating in. In light of BA’s environment, i.e. the service industry, it is paramount that the organization’s strategic thinkers acknowledge that imitation of what other companies are doing in the market may not always produce the same results and hence BA needs to constantly study the market to identify the asymmetries that keeps emerging in the service industry and hence develop the asymmetries to capabilities for the organization. This therefore proposes that the organization has to keep in touch with the market for instance through continuous research and development of the organization’s products and services and in light of the company’s strategy of becoming an airline of choice to customers of long and short haul premium. BA differentiation from its competitors is seen through continuous research and development of the industry which can be inferred through the analysis of the SWOT, PESTLE and the Porters Five Forces tool, continuous improvements of the company’s products and services to its customers for instance through maintaining the organization’s networks in the long, short and cargo segments. In addition, BA as a front-line in the airline industry has an advantage over its competitors due to its long presence in the industry which dates to the years where it was a state owned airline. This clearly shows that in adopting some strategies for instance the acquisition of Iberia, BA tries to make its presence felt in the global arena. In addition, the organization resources allows the organization to apply the inside out logic as compared to its competitors who may not have a good command of resources at their dispose and therefore making BA have a competitive advantage. The inside out logic follows that for a firm to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors, it must have the capability of converting the processes of production in a quick and cheap way and which BA has exhibited and continues to exhibit through its various acquisitions of other airlines and through mergers formed with other airlines. BA’s strategy that is consistent with achieving its strategy of being an airline of choice to customers of long and short haul premium is through acquisition of other airlines so that all customers are within in its reach enabled through the mergers and the acquisitions. While the theories of completive advantage suggest that for an organization to gain competitive advantage, the organization must establish a cost effective way of attaining its strategies. This means that the company’s operational costs are lowered and this leads to the company having a competitive advantage over its competitors. Therefore, BA’s strategy of mergers and acquisitions is geared or leans towards the company having a global presence in the world and hence appealing to its customers and reduction of operational costs. The reality of the environment that the organization operates in is realised through the SWOT, PESTLE and analysis of Porters five force (Fine 2009). In as much as an organization has to adapt to the environment for instance through continuous development of services and products to meet the ever changing needs of the consumer, the resources that are at the dispose of an organization in light to adapting to the current trends, tastes and preferences of the consumers in the industry can indicate otherwise. A company’s resources refers to the tangible and the intangible resources for instance land, money and materials which are tangible while the intangible resources include the rational resources for instance the relationships and reputation and the competencies which include the knowledge and capabilities. One of BA’s strategies is becoming an airline of choice to customers of long haul premium and which is counter acted by strategies for instance through continuous research and development in order to identify the tastes and the preferences of the customers, continuous improvements in products, services and networks and through maintaining its presence in the long, short and cargo segments. However, these strategic responses are evaluated against a background of whether the market needs of the consumers are the once to guide the strategy making process of the firm or the firm is the one to leverage the strategies that BA is to take owing to the fact that whether there are adequate resources to respond to the needs of the markets so identified through the research and development process in order for BA to attain its strategy of becoming the airline of choice to customers of the premium long haul (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008). BA’s markets versus Resources The strategic responses put forth by BA illustrates its commitment towards attaining it strategy of becoming an airline of choice to customers of premium long haul which is achieved through BA building a terminal which increased the operations of the airline. In addition, BA also appeals to customers through transforming the customer’s service in that the customer service exceeds punctuality and hence customers are more satisfied which represents the rational resources of the company. BA has also continued to grow in order to meet at the crossroads with the needs of the customers through launching of routes from London to St Kitts, launch of the open skies and also flights from continental Europe to countries in North America. In addition, BA also made L’Avion and started to fly from London to NY JKF. The expansion is made in the efforts of BA coordinating its efforts to have a more international perspective that is cable of meeting the demands of the customers. BA Plc (2010), recognises that there are 5574 BA resources oversees and approximately 35, 920 in the UK. However, greater specificity is to be achieved through coordinating the resources and market availability (Schneider, Gunnarson & Niles-Jolly 1994). BA’s commitment to the needs of the customers is seen through the purchases of aircrafts which are modern which are also in the effort of appealing to customers. Other ways through which BA appeals to its customers is through being corporate responsible through its commitment in reducing carbon emissions (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittington 2008). Therefore BA is driven by the outside – in logic other than the inside – out logic for the balance between the company’s resources and the markets availability will always indicate a different shift where the company strategies are more bound towards meeting the demands of the market and hence the outside – in logic prevails. The Paradox of globalization versus localization Globalization is a strategy that is being adopted by international corporations in order for them to gain a competitive advantage over competitors. Strategic tensions that a company for instance BA has to face in light of globalization revolves around the concept of globalization that is to be adopted in light of achieving strategic goals. For instance, one of BA’s strategy is to increase its global presence with the strategic tensions in attaining this objective being whether global is to be taken in the terms of a worldwide scope that is to refer to the geographic presence of BA in the world, worldwide similarity of the BA’s products for instance, using the word global to refer to the homogeneity of BA’s products around the world or whether globalization (Thompson, Strickland & Stappenbech 1994) would be in the context of the integration of the operations of BA, that is linking the world as a system through its services (See Figure 5 for illustrations of the di mensions of globalization). A different tension lies in whether BA is to respect the differences that exist between markets defined by national boundaries which can be done through designing products and services that meet the needs of customers in different countries. The paradox of globalization and localization is a challenge that BA has to address in light of its strategy of having a global presence with questions ranging on how the company can address the globalization synergies and at the same time remain relevant in addressing the local synergies. BA’s Globalization and Localization To begin with, one of the ways through which BA’s strategy of global presence is achieved is through the strategic response of having a global connectivity for all the customers and this is achieved through BA establishing tier in most of the major cities in the world or through expansion which is gained through BA partnering with other airlines for instance the low fares airlines or through mergers for instance the merger of BA with Iberia, code sharing with Kingfisher carrier in India (in 2010) and the recent acquisition of BMI from Lufthansa in 2012. In addition, BA is one of the largest airlines in the UK a position that the company has gained through having a large fleet size, flies to over 300 destinations in the world and has shareholdings in BA city Flyer, Comair, Flybe, Open Skies, AIG, ICCR and BMI. In addition, the global presence of BA is felt through BA being the 5th largest airline by scheduled passengers. Without much further ado, the paradox of globalization versus localization for BA is congruent with the dichotomy of whether BA develops a business model distinctively different from its competitors or whether industry logic is the one that largely determines the firm’s strategy. In analysis, the drivers of globalization are market drivers, government drivers and competitor’s drivers which have less to do with BA developing a business model that is distinct from its competitors. As a major airline in UK, BA enjoys economies of scale and understands that it must have the oligopoly characteristics where firms operating in an oligopoly market cannot act independently on their own (De Wit& Meyer 2010) and hence disputing the fact that BA can develop a business model distinct from its competitors (Porter 1985). Owing to the drivers that make a firm to be globalised, BA’s strategies are interdependent with its competitors. For instance, deregulation brought new agreements for example the EU – US Open Skies agreement in 2008 which brought a shift to competition in Transatlantic Routes and as a result the US Carrier Deltas, US Airways and the Continental started operations at Heathrow in 2009. Therefore, it is less convincing to claim that BA develops a business model distinct to it for clear facts exists to establish the claim that it does not act independently of its competitors and one of the ways it does so is through the strategy of having a global presence in response of what its competitors are achieving (the operations of other airlines which are taking advantage of deregulation to coin agreements and operate in other countries) (Roth & Ricks 1994). The paradox of Responsiveness and Synergy This paradox brings into focus a company’s dilemma of how to respond to the competition in the industry and whether the company can match the demands of the market and at the same time maintain the responsiveness of the business. In order to have synergies in an organization there is need for a company to unify the different activities carried out in the organization which in some instances may make a company lose its business responsiveness. For a company to attain synergies and at the same time attain responsiveness (Mintzberg, Quinn & Ghoshal 2002), the organization must draw out clearly its corporate scope for instances of how many businesses the company should have, corporate distribution, for instance the weight that is to be placed on each business unit in the organization, integrated mechanisms for instance of how the synergies in the company’s business should be achieved and the management mechanisms that ensures that the synergies so developed are a reality to the company. The meeting point of a business responsiveness and the synergies so created, results to the paradox of responsiveness versus synergy. Business demands presents a business to forces that pull it apart while the synergies pul ls the company into an integrated whole. BA’s Responsiveness versus Synergy One of BA’s strategies is to meet the ever changing needs of the consumer for instance meeting the needs of the ageing population which requires the company to provide more value to the products offered to this market segment, reinforce the company’s brand, development of new products and also through enhancing customer loyalty (Mintzberg & Ahlstrand 1998). For the company to achieve the above strategy through the strategic responses discussed above, there is need to coordinate the various units of the organization into a functional whole whereby units so entrusted with the development of new products, researching on upcoming market trends are an integrated whole of the organization and hence the synergies. For instance, the finance department of the organization needs to avail funds to the research and development of the organization so that proper research on upcoming trends is conducted effectively. This principle is consistent with making the parts an integrated par t of the whole for the whole to function as one unit, that is the organization (Raynor 2005). The paradox of responsiveness and synergy can be best achieved when the management and the leadership style demonstrates control or managed chaos. In a controlled leadership, a company attains responsiveness (Porter 1996) and at the same time attains synergies because the management of the organization is organized in such a way that the different businesses or the department in the organization are headed by leaders who have the same goals. In a leadership where there is chaos, the synergies and the business responsiveness losses focus for the management is not organised to attain the responsiveness and the synergies (Mintzberg & Ahlstrand 1998). . Conclusion In light of the volatility of the airline industry, the strategies that BA has put in place are best achieved when the paradoxes of globalization versus localization, markets versus resources and responsiveness versus synergies are analysed in the context of the dichotomies applicable to paradoxes. In so doing, BA will not only maintain its current position as being the best airliner in the UK, but also attain competitive advantage over other airliners who are its competitors and also potential entrants (McGahan & Porter 1997). Bibliographies Reals, K. n.d., UK will Suffer Unless Long – Term Aviation Policy is developed: CAA. Retrieved from; http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-will-suffer-unless-long-term-aviation-policy-is-developed-caa-366738/, Retrieved on 28th May, 2012. De Wit, B. & Meyer, R. 2010, Strategy Process, Content, Context. New York; Cengage Learning. 4th Ed. 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